Tóm tắt: Bài viết phân tích chính sách công nghiệp chiến lược của Hoa Kỳ dưới thời Tổng thống Joe Biden thông qua lăng kính của mô hình “Nhà nước kiến tạo thị trường”. Trước bối cảnh đứt gãy chuỗi cung ứng toàn cầu, cạnh tranh công nghệ Mỹ – Trung và yêu cầu chuyển đổi năng lượng sạch, Chính quyền Tổng thống Joe Biden đã triển khai ba đạo luật trụ cột: Đạo luật CHIPS và Khoa học (CHIPS Act), Đạo luật Giảm lạm phát (IRA) và Đạo luật Đầu tư hạ tầng và việc làm (IIJA). Các đạo luật này đánh dấu sự chuyển hướng từ tư duy “sửa lỗi thị trường” sang vai trò định hình và dẫn dắt của Chính phủ Hoa Kỳ trong phát triển công nghiệp chiến lược. Tính đến đầu năm 2025, ba đạo luật đã tạo ra hơn 1,3 triệu việc làm, kích hoạt hơn 1 nghìn tỷ USD vốn đầu tư tư nhân và tác động tích cực tới tăng trưởng GDP Hoa Kỳ. Tuy nhiên, vẫn còn tồn tại những thách thức trong thực thi, với khoảng 40% dự án quy mô lớn bị chậm tiến độ hoặc tạm hoãn, phản ánh sự phụ thuộc vào môi trường pháp lý, năng lực địa phương và các điều kiện kinh tế vĩ mô ngoài tầm kiểm soát của chính sách.
Từ khóa: chính sách công nghiệp, nhà nước kiến tạo thị trường, Hoa Kỳ
Abstract: This article analyzes the strategic industrial policy of the United States under President Joe Biden through the lens of the “Market-Shaping State” theory. In response to global supply chain disruptions, intensifying U.S. – China technological competition, and the urgent need for a clean energy transition, the Biden administration has enacted three landmark legislative pillars: the CHIPS and Science Act (CHIPS Act), the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA). These acts signify a fundamental shift from the traditional “market-fixing” logic to a more proactive governmental role in shaping and directing strategic industrial development. As of early 2025, the three laws have collectively created more than 1.3 million new jobs, mobilized over USD 1 trillion in private investment, and contributed positively to U.S. GDP growth. Nevertheless, significant implementation challenges remain, with approximately 40% of large-scale projects experiencing delays or suspension. This reflects persistent dependencies on regulatory environments, subnational institutional capacity, and broader macroeconomic conditions beyond the original policy framework’s control.
Keywords: industrial policy, Market-Shaping State, United States
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